Smith, Sir Harry (george Wakelyn), Baronet

Smith began his career in the army as an ensign in 1805 and served with distinction in South America (1807) and, during the Napoleonic Wars, in Spain (1808 - 14). In the War of 1812 Smith was with the British forces that captured and burned Washington, D.C. He returned to

Infection, Social habits

The vampire bats of Brazil, which transmit paralytic rabies, bite cattle but not ranchers, presumably because on the plains of Brazil ranchers are few but cattle plentiful. Bat-transmitted rabies, however, does occur in human beings in Trinidad, where herdsmen sleep in shacks near their animals. The mechanism of infection is the same in Brazil and Trinidad, but the

Venationes

Contests between beasts or between men and beasts were staged in an amphitheatre, usually in connection with gladiator shows. The men used in these exhibitions were either captives, condemned criminals, or professional animal hunters. Originating in the 2nd century BC as part

Rome, Period of the Avignon papacy

In spite of

Melk

Town, Bundesland (�federal state�) Nieder�sterreich, northeastern Austria. It lies at the confluence of the Danube and Melk rivers, west of Sankt P�lten. The town was the site of a Roman garrison and was the castle-residence of the Babenberg rulers of Austria from 976 to 1101. The castle and surrounding lands were given in 1111 to the huge Benedictine abbey of Melk (founded in 1089), which dominates

Price, Vincent

Price was the son of the owner of the National Candy Company and the grandson of the inventor of baking powder. He graduated from Yale University in 1933 and spent a year as a schoolteacher before, as Price himself put it, �I had the extraordinary experience

Cloth Of Gold, Field Of

In European history, the meeting place, between Gu�nes and Ardres near Calais in France, where Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France and their entourages gathered between June 7 and 24, 1520. The castles at both villages were in decay, and therefore splendid temporary palaces and pavilions were erected for Henry at Gu�nes and for Francis at Ardres. Henry's palace covered

Legal Profession, Regulation by statutes and bar associations

Since about 1800 most countries have brought their legal professions under systems of statutory control with three main principles: admission to practice automatically and compulsorily makes the lawyer a member of an appropriate professional association; those associations are given substantial powers in relation to legal education, admission to practice,

Santa Eugenia De Riveira

City, La Coru�a provincia, in the comunidad aut�noma (�autonomous community�) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. The city is the chief centre of Riveira (Ribeira) municipality. It lies on the Arosa Inlet across the inlet from Villagarc�a de Arosa, in the coastal zone. Remains of Roman fortifications and of a Phoenician port, La Covasa, attest to early occupation of the site,

Capital

Two simple forms of the capital are a square wooden block called an abacus, placed

Aerospace Engineering

C. Hart, The Prehistory of Flight (1985), covers early concepts of the nature of flight and early attempts to construct flying machines. Charles H. Gibbs-Smith, Flight Through the Ages (1974), surveys aeronautics from its early period to the age of space exploration. Tom D. Crouch, A Dream of Wings (1981), traces the history of U.S. aeronautics. P.A. Hanle, Bringing Aerodynamics to America (1982), focuses on the European influences that led to the establishment of the science of flight as an exact science in the United States. Roger E. Bilstein, Orders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915 - 1990, rev. ed. (1989), chronicles the growth of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Jerome Lederer, �Highlights in the Development of Civilian Aircraft,� Automotive Engineering, 88(12):33 - 43 (December 1980), is a review that dwells on the prominent technical concepts and development of civil air transportation. John D. Anderson, Jr., Introduction to Flight, 3rd ed. (1989), deals with theoretical questions of aerodynamics and describes the design and construction of airplanes. Other useful works include J.H. Hughes, Jr., and J.S. Priamos, Aerospace (1977); Barnes W. McCormick, Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics (1979); Leland M. Nicolai, Fundamentals of Aircraft Design, rev. ed. (1984); and Richard S. Shevell, Fundamentals of Flight, 2nd ed. (1989).

J�anadeva

J�anadeva was a founder of the devotional school of mysticism known as Varakari (�Pilgrim�), so called because of the emphasis it places on pilgrimages to the shrine of Vitthala (or Vithoba, a local

Para�ba Do Sul River

Portuguese �Rio Para�ba Do Sul, � river, in eastern Brazil, formed by the junction of the Paraibuna and Paraitinga rivers, east of S�o Paulo, between Mogi das Cruzes and Jacare�. It flows east-northeastward, receiving tributaries from the Serra da Mantiqueira and the Serra do Mar and forming part of the border between Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states. From its initial elevation of 5,000 ft (1,500 m), the river

Systems Engineering

Systems engineering is not so much a branch of engineering as it is a technique for applying knowledge from other branches of engineering and disciplines of science in effective combination

Basavan

An outstanding Mughal painter, renowned as a superb colourist and as a sensitive observer of human nature. His name indicates that he may have been a member of the Ahir, or cowherders' caste, in the region of modern Uttar Pradesh. He was most active between about 1580 and 1600, and his name appears on the margins of more than 100 paintings, most often as the designer, in

Andr�ssy, Gyula, Count (gr�

German in full �Julius, Graf (Count) Andr�ssy von Csikszentkir�ly und Krasznahorka� Hungarian prime minister and Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (1871 - 79), who helped create the Austro-Hungarian dualist form of government. As a firm supporter of Germany, he created, with the imperial German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the Austro-German

Brehon Laws

Analysis

Lancewood

Tough, heavy, elastic, straight-grained wood obtained from several different trees of the custard-apple family (Annonaceae). True lancewood, Oxandra lanceolata, of the West Indies and Guianas, furnishes most of the lancewood of commerce in the form of spars about 13 feet (4 m) in length and 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter at the small end. Lancewood was formerly used by carriage builders

Byzantine Empire, The years of achievement to 540

Justinian is but one example of the civilizing magic that Constantinople often worked upon the heirs of those who ventured within its walls. Justin, the uncle, was a rude and illiterate soldier; Justinian, the nephew, was a cultivated gentleman, adept at theology, a mighty builder of churches, and a sponsor of the codification of Roman law. All these accomplishments

Celestina, La

Originally published in 16 acts as the Comedia de Calisto y Melibea (1499; �Comedy of Calisto and Melibea�) and shortly thereafter in an expanded version with 21 acts as the Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea (1502), the work

Economic Affairs

The year 2002 was a strange, tumultuous one that held few moments of rest for weary investors and companies. The recession seemed to continue unabated; many sectors were rife with bankruptcies; and executives were hauled before judges and congressional investigators. (For the 10 Largest U.S. Bankruptcies Filed Since 1980, see Table.) Behind the chaos lurked the possibility of

Canalejas, Jos�

Canalejas's political career began with his election to the Cortes (parliament) in 1881 for the district of Soria. In the following years, Canalejas represented the

Canalejas, Jos�

The EEC was created in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome, which was signed by Belgium

Narathiwat

Town, extreme southern Thailand, on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. Narathiwat is a minor port inhabited largely by Malay Muslims. Fishing and shipping are the main activities. The surrounding area is heavily planted in coconuts, rice, and rubber. Pop. (1985 est.) 36,956.

Karatsu Ware

The generic term Karatsu is applied to many different types of ceramics. The clays were sandy and high in iron content. Ordinarily, all vessels were covered with ash, feldspar, or temmoku

Nature, Philosophy Of, The range of topics

An investigation of recent writings in biophilosophy reveals a continued preoccupation with unanswered - some say unanswerable - questions about evolutionary theory and a growing concern for a critical reappraisal of the question of whether biology is an autonomous discipline unamenable to reduction to mere physical and chemical underpinnings. Until the

Aaron

The traditional founder and head of the Jewish priesthood, who, with his brother Moses, led the Israelites out of Egypt. The figure of Aaron as it is now found in the Pentateuch is built up from several sources of traditions. In the Talmud and Midrash he is seen as the leading personality at the side of Moses. He has appeared in different roles in Christian

Interactionism

In Cartesian philosophy and the philosophy of mind, those dualistic theories that hold that mind and body, though separate and distinct substances, causally interact. Interactionists assert that a mental event, as when John Doe wills to kick a brick wall, can be the cause of a physical action, his leg and foot moving into the wall. Conversely, the physical event of his

Kazoku

In Japan, the unified, crown-appointed aristocracy of the period 1869 - 1947, which replaced the feudal lords. The kazoku (�flower family�) class was created in 1869 as part of the Westernizing reforms of the Meiji Restoration. In this class the old feudal lords (daimyo) and court nobles (kuge) were merged into one group and deprived of territorial privileges. In 1884 the kazoku was reorganized

L�pez Mateos, Adolfo

A librarian and teacher of Spanish-American literature, L�pez began his public career with an assignment to the UN. He was elected federal senator (1946 - 52) and later appointed secretary-general of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). As

Mammal, Social behavior

The dependence of the young mammal on its mother for nourishment has made possible a period of training. Such training permits the nongenetic transfer of information between generations. The ability of young mammals to learn from the experience of their elders has allowed a behavioral plasticity unknown in any other group of organisms and has been a primary